China's invisible rare earth wall: why suspended controls don't mean available supply
Analysis of the six-layer domestic regulatory architecture — production quotas, SOE duopoly, mandatory traceability, customs enforcement, VAT structure, and regulatory ambiguity — that constrains rare earth trade regardless of whether MOFCOM export controls are formally active. Heavy REE mining quotas frozen at 19,150 t for six years; 80.7% of historical thulium supply was illegally produced; customs enforcement cases up 248% in 2025.
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